Shampoo is designed to clean hair, not to stop breakage. Conditioners are designed to protect hair, and when put on damaged hair which might be at the breaking point, they might help delay the breakage, but won't stop it from eventually happening.
Some manufacturers provide conditioning shampoos (shampoo and conditioner combined), but those aren't going to stop breakage either. Maybe just delay it for a while.
The biggest hair breakage contributors are permanent wave products (improperly used), bleaching products (used to become a blonde) and other hair coloring products (improperly used).
The next worse hair breakage contributors are careless combing and careless brushing of raspy or snarled hair. What can protect you from breaking your hair under those conditions is a creme rinse.
After shampooing your hair and rinsing it, mush some creme rinse (doesn't matter which brand--even the cheapest works) into your hair, and then comb it. Comb starting at the ends and work toward your scalp. Be gentle. Once you've combed it all, then rinse it out. Best to do all of this in the shower. Much easier than bending over a sink. Quality creme rinses will not only unsnarl your hair and keep you from breaking it while combing it, but it will also give it a healthy looking shine.